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Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 62nd Anniversary .….
ai rs Madhav Kumar Nepal
those common responsibilities. I have been trying my best to this end, and I hope to
I am happy to note that our commitment to peace, democracy and development has
have the full cooperation and support of all the major political parties in this regard.
been fully recognized, respected and supported by our development partners and the
international community including the United Nations.
There has been a gradual improvement in the law and order situation in the country
since the new Government came to power. With the willing support and cooperation
With these views, I once again would like to convey my best wishes for a bright and
of all segments of the people in our society, the Government is committed to bring
prosperous days ahead.
further improvement in the overall security situation in the country. I would like to
reiterate here again that my government has given its top most priority in improving
the law and order environment of the country and will make every effort towards
I am in deep pain in hearing the news of people dying due to the outbreak of cholera
and diarrhea diseases in some of the remote hilly districts of Mid-Western and Far
Western regions. The Government is seriously engaged in providing emergency
medical services and relief assistance to the people suffering. All the relevant
Government agencies in those districts are being mobilized to help and support the
affected people. I have already given strong instructions to the concerned officials to
take all necessary measures to contain the disease and to make essential health and
sanitation services available to them on a priority basis. With the understanding,
support and cooperation of all including governmental and non-governmental
agencies and individuals from both inside and outside the country, I am confident
that we will be able to get over this problem soon.
I would like to recognize here the roles that the Non Resident Nepali community has
been playing in the nation building processes. The contribution through remittance,
economic investment and other forms of cooperation that the NRN community has
been providing has contributed greatly to our economy. The Government of Nepal is
ready to provide conducive environment to further utilize the resources, knowledge
and assistance of Non Resident Nepali towards social and economic development of
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 62nd Anniversary .….
ff ai rs Sujata Koirala
Speech on the occasion of the 62nd Anniversary Function of the Nepal
policy and the success of the overall national policy.
Council of World Affairs
- Sujata Koirala*
Moreover, the Government is keen to further develop mutually beneficial relations
by promoting economic diplomacy through further expansion and strengthening of
I am very pleased to attend the sixty-second anniversary of the Nepal Council of
our diplomatic missions. In doing that, there will be closer coordination with
World Affairs today. I thank the President and office bearers of the Council for
relevant agencies and partnership with the private sector. In this day and age of
kindly inviting me to attend the programme. As the Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister is
globalization, we must align our interests with the contemporary trends to the extent
also going to speak on the same subject, I shall be brief in my presentation.
possible and try to maximize benefits through collaboration and cooperation in all
fields, development cooperation, trade, investment, tourism and foreign
First of all, I wish to heartily congratulate the Council on to completion of its
sixty-two years of existence since its founding. It has been led by those who have
made notable contributions in our public lives. The Council has played an important
In that overall context, maintaining excellent relations with the international
role by arranging talk programmes, seminars and workshops on topical aspects of
community and ensuring full support and cooperation to Nepal at the moment is
Nepal's international relations, and brought out different publications in this regard.
my immediate priority. This is more important as we move ahead towards
institutionalizing peace and writing a democratic constitution on time. There is a
Pursuing a policy of developing friendship and co-operation with all countries, and
reservoir of goodwill in the international community to promote peace, and writing
particularly our immediate neighbours, on the basis of five principles of peaceful
a democratic constitution in community to promote peace, stability and
co-existence, non-alignment, promotion of peace and stability, respect for human
development in the country. I believe that ensuring sustainable peace in the country
rights and abiding faith in the Charter and ideals of the United Nations are some of
requires rapid economic progress and social transformation. They cannot be
the fundamental tenets of our foreign policy. On this basis. Consolidation of
pursued independently. This is where the international community should come
relationship with neighbours, deepening and widening of relationship with all our
forward with a higher level of assistance, support and understanding. If we look at
development partners, and promotion of international principles reflected in the UN
the overall progress in the peace process, we have made substantial achievements in
Charter and regional cooperation constitute the core activity of the Foreign Ministry.
the last 3 years since the signing of the comprehensive peace agreement. But we still
Our effort has always been directed towards making foreign policy responsible and
have a long way to go. This Government is committed to taking forward the peace
responsive to the needs and aspirations of the Nepalese people.
process towards its logical conclusion with broad cooperation and participation of
all major parties through consensus, unity and dialogue.
Nepal is proud that it has always maintained independence and sovereignty
throughout history. While continuing that glorious legacy, our commitment would
The Government will further strengthen its institutions including foreign policy
be to enhance foreign relations and use them to bring a positive change in the lives
establishment to make them even more effective and result-oriented in tune with the
of the people. Therefore, there is a close inter-linkage between the conduct of foreign
changing times. We are open to all constructive suggestions and feedback from our
academics, intellectuals and experts in this direction.
Ms. Koirala is Foreign Minister of Nepal. She delivered the speech on July 27, 2009 .
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 62nd Anniversary .….
ff ai rs Sujata Koirala
Finally, I wish the Nepal Council of World Affairs all success in its endeavours to
enhance the understanding of Nepal's Foreign policy and international relations.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha
Celebration of the Golden Jubilee of Nepal's Contribution to United
assistance and support in our endeavours to institutionalise democracy and peace in
Nations Peacekeeping Operation
Nepal, and for the reconstruction and rebuilding of the nation. Promoting a broader
- Sujata Koirala1
level of economic engagement with friendly countries would reinforce our efforts for
stability and progress in the country on a sustainable basis.
I am pleased to attend the concluding event of the Golden Jubilee celebration
commemorating the involvement of Nepal in the UN peacekeeping operations. I
Nepal is committed to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. The world
thank the organisers for kindly inviting me to this programme as the chief guest and
body today represents the hopes and aspirations of the people around the world.
giving me an opportunity to interact with all of you on the contributions made by
While we are appreciative of the progress we have collectively made in reducing
the Nepal Army, the Nepal Police and the Armed Police Force in different parts of
wars between states in the post -Cold War era, it is also true that today conflicts
the world. Despite various constraints and obstacles, our security forces and
within nations have become a common feature. The causes of the conflicts may be
observers have won international acclaim for their exceptional services in this field. I
different, but their negative impact has been detrimental to the lives of the people
congratulate our security forces on this achievement and hope that they will
and peace and security around the world. It is in this context that the role of the UN
continue to play their exemplary role in the future.
peacekeeping has been more prominent now than ever before. Besides, the nature of
conflicts is now so varied that the mandates for the UN peacekeeping operations are
At the outset, I am reminded of the pertinent address made by the then Prime
also in a state of flux. To suit the changing realities of the conflicts around the world,
Minister Girija Prasad Koirala to the Nepal Council of World Affairs last year for
UN peacekeeping operations have evolved accordingly.
revitalizing institutions that have a direct bearing on the formulation of foreign
policy. It will be our endeavours to help develop institutions like the Nepal Council
Nepal has been consistently participating in UN peacekeeping operations for a long
of World Affairs and the Institute of Foreign Affairs as effective think-tanks in
time. It is a matter of satisfaction to note that Nepal's contribution to international
matters of fulfilling broader objectives of our foreign policy.
peace and security through the UN peacekeeping has been well appreciated by all.
Today we are the fifth largest contributor. It is also a reflection of our determination
The fundamental aims and objectives of the foreign policy of a country are the
to lend full support for the role of the United Nations in protecting the lives of the
protection of its national interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity. The foreign
people around the world. We hope that the gap between the strategic and
policy of Nepal embraces basic tenets of the UN and non-alignment, and seeks to
operational levels of the UN operations is bridged by providing proper mandate and
promote peace and stability in our region and other parts of the world. The new
sufficient human and financial resources to deal with various problems around the
Government is committed to further promote foreign policy to advance our larger
national interests. We seek to consolidate our mutually beneficial ties of friendship
and co-operation with both our immediate neighbours, India and China, and all
The new Government is effortful to take all possible measures to take the peace
other friendly countries on the basis of mutual understanding, co-operation and
process to its logical end and to draft the new Constitution within the stipulated
respect. We thank our friends and international organisations for their invaluable
timeframe. The new Constitution should not only meet the aspirations of the people
following the successful completion of the historic Constituent Assembly elections
Ms. Koirala is Foreign Minister of Nepal. She delivered the speech on June 10, 2009, Kathmandu
and establishment of a truly pluralistic federal republican order in the country, it
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha
should also realistically reflect various aspects like state restructuring, inclusiveness,
human rights and rule of law. At the same time, there is an urgent need to promote
socio-economic development so as to raise the quality of life of our people and
sustain the political gains particularly made after the second People's Movement. We
are confident and conscious that we can achieve these goals through a spirit of broad
national consensus, unity and joint efforts on the part of all political parties
represented in the Constituent Assembly and the wider support from the
international community would be crucial to promote this homegrown process. As
the Minister for Foreign Affairs, I seek spontaneous support and cooperation from
professionals, intellectuals, experts and all our friends in the common task of making
our foreign policy more productive and result-oriented.
Coming back to the central theme of international peacekeeping, I can assure you
that the new Government will continue to give priority to our participation in these
operations with a view to promoting peace and stability in various trouble spots in
the world. With these words, I once again thank the organisers for arranging such a
befitting programme to commemorate fifty years of our participation in the UN
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha
Buddhist Light: Buddhism and Sino-Nepal Cultural Linkage
Common Culture. The ethnic groups residing in the Himalayan region are taken as
- Prof.Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha1
ancestors of ethnic communities of both the countries. Nepal has inhabited by the
aboriginal ethnic communities of Mongolian origin such as the Kirats. The Newars
Abstract
derive their origin from one of the ethnic tribes known as Nerbung. The Tamang
Mount Everest remains as the symbol of Nepal-China cultural relationship. The Himalayan
trace their origin from the horse riders of Mongolian tribe. In the same way the
mountain being the home of early man the relationship of the two countries continued from
Lepchas, the Gurungs and the Magars are of the Mongolian origin.
prehistoric, proto historic and historic period, Nepal's relation with her southern neighbor is
deep rooted because many ethnic communities of Nepal are of Mongolian origin and the
Tradition mentions that in the Pleistocene age, northern India constituted of a big
Nepal-China relationship has become cordial with the exchange of presents like
lake which consisted of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh of present India. As it drained
Gunakaranda Vyuha Sutra (third century A.D) which deals with Buddhisattva Charya.
gradually, it was confined to Nagadaha in the primordial period2.
The tie of friendship between the two countries started from the beginning of the 1st century
A.D. Buddhist scriptures were translated into the Chinese language. The tangible and
Manjushree Mythology
intangible cultural heritage facilitated the exchange of scholars of both countries facilitated
Early Nepal-China relations are shrouded in legends. Mahamanjushree of
the development of relations. The skilled craftsmen enriched the art, architecture and
Manjudevacharya came from Maha-Chian (Greater China) Wutaishan (Five peacked
sculpture of the two countries and promoted common culture known as Budhisattvayana
mountain) of China to pay homage to primordial light known as Svayambhu. He is
which developed Mahayana and propmoted common culture known as meaning of
credited for draining the water of Nagadaha and made Kathmandu Valley inhabitable.
Panchaseel promoted diplomatic relation in keeping with the principle of equality,
He is referred to have performed Jalaslambhavayoga and cut Kutpala Paracata (gorge
non-interference in the interval affairs of each others country and respect of sovereignty. The
of southern hill known as Kutapala Parvata). Then water began to flow out of the
mission of diplomatic relationship fostered pure land Buddhism. The Buddha light or Buddha
Valley. Tradition mentions that Manjudevacharya, Mahamanjushreee established
way of life or pure land Buddhism of China is entertained by both the countries.
Manjupatan city. It appeared like Herukamandala. Mandala is conceived as the basis of
Key Words: Buddhisattva Charya, Budhisattvayana Mahayana, Vajrayana, Panchaseel,
my auspicious work. Svayambhu Purana refers that it appeared as Mahasamvara
Gunakaranda Vyuiha Sutra.
Mandala, Chakrasamvara mandala, and Hevajra Nairatma Mandala. According to the
Buddhist tradition of Nepal, Vajracharayas and Shakyas Practice Samdhiyoga in 24
important religious shrines known as Purvasewa or Pithaseva. They are in three circles
Nepal and China have been nourishing the age old cultural tradition since time
namely Chakracitta (Consciousness), Chakravaka (Speech), and Chakrakaya (body). All
immemorial. Mount Everest (Chomlongma) remains as the testimony of friendship
the three circles are called Cittamandala, Vakamandala and Kayamandala. The three
between the two countries. The Himalayan Mountain is regarded as the house of
circles and twenty four Pithas (religious shrines) of Nepal Mandala and Chakrasamvara
early men (homonids), ape men by anthropologists. Civilization dawned in this part
Mandala are identical. Thus Nepal Mandala is conceived on the basis of Chkrasamvara
of the globe since prehistoric and historic periods. Both the countries fostered
Prof. Dr. Shrestha is Registrar, Lumbini Buddha University. He addressed the Council on November
Yanjnamanpati Vajracharya "Preface" Svayambhu Mahapurana by Badri Ratna Vajracharya Kathmandu;
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha
Mandala.3
Gradully it spread to all parts of China.8 Theravada (Buddhism of the Theras or
elder Bhiskshus) was preached in the Pali language. Mahayana which is better known
The Gyanesara inscription of Jayadeva II of Lichhavi period later mentioned as Nepal
as Bodhisattvayana in preserved in Sanskrit language. Theravada Buddhism has its
Mandala4 in historical period. Nepal was famous as Nepal Mandala from ancient time.
base in Sri Lanka. The Buddhist scriptures are said to have been written in Pali in the
Mandala is the base of worship. The center of Mandala is surrounded by circles based
1st century A.D. In the introduction of Bodhicharyavatara Watulawasava, Vajra
on religious and cultural traditions. The capital is the central point of a country
Rinpdee (Sridhar Rana) writes that Buddha preached his teachings in Mogadhi, Pali
known as Mandala, surrounded by territories or provinces. Nepal Mandala was the
while in Magadha and also preached his doctrine in other parts of northern India in
capital surrounded by different territories of Provinces.5 The Mythology indicates
Sanskrit. Therefore, Pali Buddhism in known as Southern Buddhism and Sanskrit
that the first immigration in the Kathmandu Valley was from the north.6 Relations
Buddhism as Northern Buddhism. Mahayana in also known as Agrayara,
between Nepal and China have a long history besides mythological illusion.
Scholars write that Sino-Nepal relation existed from ancient times on the basis of
According to Sridhar Rana, Mahayana is the continuation of Bodhisttvayanba and
religion and trade. Mostly the trade with Tibet was carried out through the
Vaitulyavada, which are apparent in Pali Tripitaka. Vaitulyavada was certainly in
Kathmandu Valley. Nepalis have significant by contributed in the spread of
existence before the third Buddhist Council was held in the time of Emperor Ashoka
Buddhism in the Himalayan region. In the same way the Tibetan monks have
(243 B.C.) in the third century.10
prominent roles in the revival of Buddhism in Nepal.7 It is mentioned that around
the first century A.D., Buddhism was introduced in China in the Han Empire.
Faith on Mahayana / Bodhisattvayana
Mahayana in the form of Bodhisattvayana was very popular in Nepal. It is attested
by the icon of Budhisattva found in Lumbini excavation and Hadigaon. The nine texts
Manish Shakya, "The Concept opf Nepal Mandala," lalitpur; Buddha Jayanbti golden Jubilee
of Mahayana are very popular in Nepal. These texts were taken to Tibet and from
Souvenir, 2006 A.D. p.p.126-128. cf. Naresh Man Bajracharya "Buddhism in Nepal Mandala. A
there to China and translated into Chinese. Most of these texts were taken to China
Conference on the Buddhist Heritage of Nepal Mandala" 1998, Lalitpur; Lotus Research Center 1998)
via Gilgit (Central Asia). The nine Sutras included are listed below.
Dhana Vajra Vajracharya, Lichhavi Kalka Abhilekh ( Inscription of Lichhavi Period) Kathmandu; Center
a) Lalitcistara Sutra, 3rd Century B.C, translated into Chinese in 221 A.D.
for Nepal and Asian Studies, 1996 AD. pp. 57-76
b) Saddharma Pundarika Sutra, translated into Chinese in 225 A.D.
T.R. Vaidya, "Nepal Mandala" Unpublished article.
Suvarna Prabhas Sutra, translated into Chinese in 297-439 A.D.
Vijaya Kumar Manandhar. A Comprehensive History of Nepal China Relations Upto 1955 AD, "New
d) Samdhiraj Sutra, its original form was Chandra Prabhadeep Sutra. Its was
Delhi" Adroit Publishers, 2004 AD p.18
Punya Prasad Prajuli "Nepal Ra Tibet Bichki Dharmik Antersambandha" (Religious interrelation
Manandhar f.n. No 5 p.18.
between Nepal and Tibet) Kathmandu; 1991 p.91 cf. Dudjom Rinpoche, "The Nyingma School of
Acharya Dharma Vajra, Trans. Narayan Prasad Rijal "Upodghat" (Introduction) Boudhicharyavatara
Tibetan Buddhism, First Fundamentals and History" History of Ancient Sect published in Tibetan
Kath; Siddhi Bdr& Rukmani Shrestha, 2000 AD pp. 44-45.
10 Bodhicharyavatra Kath; Siddhi Bdr & Rukmani Shrestha, 2000 AD pp. 44-45 Ibid, p44.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha
translated into Chinese in 450 A.D.
has incorporated the ideas of Adi Buddha or primordial Buddha. The first translation
e) Lankavatara Sutra which explains the term Tathagata Carbha, Alayavijnana
of Guna Karanda Vyuha Sutra was done by Thonmi Sambhota during the period of
Cittamatra, was Translated into Chinese in 443 A.D.
Srong-tsan-Gampo (617-650 A.D.).13 The theme of both the Sutras is the compassion
Gandhavyaha Sutra- A part of Avastamsaka Sutra, translated into Chinese in
of Avalokitesvatra. The availability of the icons of Bodhisattva Avalokitesvatra in the
1st century A.D. and currency of Mahayana Buddhism during that period shows the
g) Dasa Bhumika Sutra.
currency of Bodhisattvayana in both the countries. It set a bench mark on the relation
h) Asta Sahashrika Prajnaparanita Sutra. -100 B.C. was translated into Chinese in
between Nepal and China.14
Tathagataguhyaka Sutra. Better known as Guhyasamaj Tantra.
The Legend of Simha Sarthabaha
It was translated into Chinese in 930-1000 A.D.11 When the Mahayana Sutras were
The legand of Simha Sarthabaha is very popular in Nepal. Its story is related with the
introduced into China by the missionaries of India and Central Asia, it was already
compassion of Avalokitesvatra. The theme shows that Avalokitesvatra appeared in
regarded as the authentic words of Lord Buddha. But there are some controversies
the form of light and prophesized that the fairies who accompanied him (Simha
Sarthabaha) from Tamradeepa (Tibet) to simhakalpa (Kathmandu) belonged to
Rakshasas. Chapter fifteen of Gunakarnada Vyuha Sutra mentions that the 4740 verses
Popularity of Avalokitesvara Cult
of the text are related with the narratives of Shakyamuni Buddha's previous
It is stated that Guna Karanada Vyuha Sutra was written around the 1st century A.D. to
existence as Simhala or Simha Sarthabaha.
popularize Dana Paramita of Panchadana. Tibetan historian Butom Rinpodhe writes-
"During the time of Lhatho Thori New yambula Nhamkhangko (233 A.D.), Guna
Chorten of Bhakar
Karamda Vyuha Sutra was sent to Tibet as a present from Nepal Mandala.12 During
It is said that a big Chorten (Chaitya) still exists of Bhakar in Lhasa dedicated to
that time Panchadana festival had started in Nepal Mandala. Gunakaranda Vyuha Sutra
Simha Sarthabaha. It is stated that the Chorten was vandalized during the Cultural
is one of several Mahaayana Sutras published in prose as well as Verse (1600 Verses) It
Revolution of 1966 A.D.15 It is also said that Jhyampaling, Chaitya was constructed in
was published in 187 A.D. in Calcutta. It was edited by Satyavarta Samasrami. Ratna
the memory of Simha Sarthabaha (Chhod-Pung-Narbu-Ge) during the time of Tibets
Karanda Vyuha Sutra was translated into Chinese in the 3rd century A.D. including
King Dwong-Glde (1059-1108 A.D).16 The Jhyampaling Chaitya existed as the symbol
some parts of Guna Karnda Vyuha Sutra. The entire chapters of the text do not belong
to the same period (3rd century A.D.). Only Ratna Karanda Vyuha Sutra is the
13 Min Bahadur Shakya, Guna Karanda Vyuha Sutra Lalitpur; Nagarjuna Institute of Buddhist Studies
collection of all teachings of the philanthropic activities of Avalokitesvatra. The text
1997 A.D. pp. 26-27.
14 Mahisvara Raj Vajrachary, Mahayana Buddha Dharmko Udbhava (Origion of Mahayana Buddhism)
11 Min Bahadur Shakya, "Introduction" Nava Sutra Sangraha by Dibya Vajra Vajracharya, Nava Sutra
Lalitpur; Nepal Buddha Mahasangh, 2005 A.d. p 57.
Sangralia Lalitpur; Bodhi Prakashan Kendon, 1990 A.D. pp. 22-36
15 Shakya f.n. No.9, pp 26-27.
12 Harsa Muni Shakya, "Buddha Dharma Ko Vikasha Ma Shakya Haru Ko Den" (contribution of the
16 Harsha Muni Shakya, "Nepal Ra China Bichko Maitriko Pratik Jhyampaling Ko Vishal Chaitya" (The
shakyas in the development of Buddhism) Kathmandu; the Shakya Foundatio, Nepal, 2006 A.D.
Great Chaitya of Jhyamaling, The symbol of Nepal China Friendship), Buddha Dhama Ko Vikasama
Shakyaharuko Den (Contribution of Shakyas in the Development of Buddhism Kathmandu; The
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha
of Nepal-China relationship. In the Jhyampaling Gumha (monastery), the image of
where Chitiso Gumba is located. It was made by the Nepali traders. There is an
Boddhisattava Maitreya is placed. The Tibetans call Boddhisattava as Gylba Jhyampaling.
image of Mahankal in Chitiso village. The Nepali traders offer Samayebaji20 to
It is a sacred place. A great fair is held over there. On the Ground floor, there is an
Mahankal. They invite their relatives to that feast. After the celebration, they return
image of Samvar in the from of buffalo. On the second floor Karunamaya with six
to their shops. According to the census of the office of Nepal Envoy conducted in
hands is embellished. It is a 20 feet long image. In this floor, the picture narratives of
1974 there are 284 Nepali traders in 142 houses in Chitiso, Tanang and Gyaling
Shakyamuni Buddha's career is depicted. The pictures included the concepts of
vfillages in Tibet. Tibet is known as country of one months walk from Kathmandu.
Prajnaparamita and Mandalas. The floor contains cupboards full of holy sculptures.
The Buddhist holy scriptures are Written with the ink of gold and silver. Under the
Sakari Chorten (Ratna Chaitya)
cupboards different Mandaps are embellished. The temple's height is eight stories. It
Sakari Chorten or Ratna Chaitya inscription in mutilated form shows that the Chorten
is not less than 20 feet height. Inside the Gumba is the statue of Simla Sarthabaha. All
was made by the Newar traders inhabiting in Sigachhen or Jhikhachhen (ten house
these artifacts are the creations of Nepali artists.17
in Nepal Bhasa) or Digarcha. Initially there were only ten houses of Newars. Ratna
Chaitya is located in a place called "Tacho" near Sambasyar River. The Chaitya was
Jyampaling Chaitya (Digarcha) and its Trade Fair
constructed by Koliyan Shakyas of south Kaliyagram(ancient name of southern part of
In the Jyampaling Chaitya about 60 to 70 Buddhist monks live. Jyampaling is of four
Kathmandu) in the seventh century.21 The sigachhen Chorten located to the east of
days walk from Lhasa. It is on the other side of Sangpo River (River Brahamaputra).
Sigachhe Bazar in the middle part of Chhangpongdi (Brahma Putra River) is similar
In this way lies Chiteso. A great trade fair is conducted in Jyampaling. The Amdus of
with the Stupa of Patan. The Tibetans call it "Sakari Chhuten". Newars calls it Ratna
Siling, (the Capital of Chhicuhai) the Khasmpas of Khan, the Bhoyebas of Lhasa,
Chaitya. Chorten is constructed with the relics of a great man or religious saint. It
the Chyangbas of Sikatse, the Kongs from the side of Assam, the Sakories of inner
commemorates the heroic deeds of mortal beings, The Ratna Chaitya remains as a
Mongolia come to take part in the fair. Nabu18, the popular commodity of trade,
symbol of veneration for the people of both China and Nepal. It is another milestone
golden and copper inks are cultural goods. The Jyampaling fair is held once a year.
of (Anthropomorphize) the Buddhist saints. Generally the people of both the
In the fair it is stated that the chief trader Simha Sarthavana is commemorated. Up
countries venerate Saptamunis, seven buddhas Vipasvi, Shikhi, Vishwabhu, Kashyap,
till now the rituals conducted by Nepali traders are observed over there.19 There are
Krakuchhanda, Kanakmuni and Shakyamuni. The Stupa of Bauddhanath is said to
60 to 70 shamanist Buddhist monks in Jyampaling Chaitya.
have been constructed keeping the relics of Kashyap Buddha is Garbhagriha,
Svayambhu Mahachaitya consists of the relics of Vipasvi Buddha and Namobuddha
Chitiso Gumba
with the relics of prince Mahasattva (erlier existence of Shakyamuni Buddha in his
After the conclusion of Jyampaling fair, the traders of Lhasa live in Chitoso village,
previous birth as Bodhisattva) aimed at compassion to all. The Buddha made his
teachings to do away with Avidya (Spiritual ignorance), with the light of wisdom,
Shakya Foundation, 2063 V.S. P.1.
20 Samayabaji is a Nepali dish offered to non-vegetable deity. It includes flat rise or bitten rise, fried flat
18 Nobu is a cloth woven out of thick and fine wool. The cloth is very durable. It is very popular cloth
rice, meat, soybean, fish, ginger and wo or bara, bread made of black pulse or bean: Shakya f.n. No. p.
in different states of China and Unner Mongoha. The art of its weaving is of Nepali origin.
19 Shakya, f.n. No. 13, pp2-3.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha
knowledge of Four Noble Truth, Eightfold Noble Path, and the Dependent
Buddhism was introduced in his country with the introduction of Guna Karanada
Origination (Pratitya Samutpad). These are truly the light of the Buddha.
Vyuha Sutra and a golden Chaitya as holy cultural present from Nepal.
Antiques-
Thirty two shops of Sigachhen:
Several antique reminds us the deep relationship that existed between the people of
As mentioned above Jhikhachhen in Nepal Bhasa means ten houses, Sigachhen in
the two countries. The tympanum of the main door of Ratna Chaitya dated 960 NS
Tibeten language, popular name in Nepali Digrcha. In the seventeenth century,
(1840 A.D.) was renovated by Shakya Bhikshu Rajmuni of Kiritpunya Mahavihara
during the time of Pratap Malla there were thirty two shops and ten Palas
Lagan, Kathmandu. The traders of Sigachhen pay homage and consecrate the
(Community organizations organized for common interest). Among them, five Palas
Chaitya once a year.22
are there at present according to the Nepali Envoy's statistics. The names of the
shops of traders of Sigachhen are as follows.
Phawa Gumba of Kerung of Phagpa Buddhist Vihara
Thaya Chhong Khang
Merchants of Sankhu
Buddhist tradition believes that princes Bhrikuti of Nepal while going to Lhasa had
Shiling Chhong Khang
Merchants of Om Bahal ,Kathmandu
passed Via Kidhog (Kerung) in Monguel province. She had taken shelter in Pangsing
Tyakastu Chhong Khang
Merchants of Naghal Tole, Kathmandu
village made by Yarung Bhapo (Newars of Patan). The Bhikshus of Phagpa Buddhist
Chhamshhang Chhong Khang Merchants of Naghal Tole, Ktm.
Vihara and many elder citizens of Monguel province believe that Avalokitesvara
Yola Chhong Chhong Khang
Merchants of Lagan Tole, Ktm.
Karunamaya's image taken by Bhrikuti was installed there. The Vihara is known as
Mukhangsar Chhong Khang
Merchants of Itumbahal, Ktm.
Cherisi Chungla Khang or Phagpa Gumba. Later Buddhist scholar Khhemendra wrote
Syu Shhad Chhong Khang
Merchants of Onta Bahal (Lagan)
that an image of Avadanakalpalata was in the Gumba. The image was made of
Merchants of Koliti Tole
Astadhatu (eight kinds of metals). To the east of the Gumha an inscription existed (no
Atusomagy Chong Khang
Merchants of Nabahil, Katm.
longer exists now). It mentions the account of Bhrikuti's journey and names of
(Pala the Supporting Committee of the community)
Nepali craftsmen who built the Gumba.23 The Phagpa of Kerung also ordained the
10. Nebu Chhod Khang
Merchants of Nabahil
Buddhist monks of Nepal, the Buddhists of Tibet and their Nepali counterparts
11. Chwang Khang Chhong Khang Merchants Sarunani, Patan.
venerate the four Avalokitesvaras of Nepal and Kerung. There are Avalokitesvaras of
12. Jandu Chhong Khang
Mmerchants Sarunani
Janabahal, Bungmati, Nala and Kerong.
13. Nesi Chhong Khang
Merchants of Tahabil
14. Dhinchyo Chhong Khang
Merchants of Nag Bahal
Introduction of Buddhism in Tibet.
15. Gyachho Chhong Khang Merchants of Nag Bahal24
Tradition mentions that Aa-thi-Chyampo was the first king of Tibet. His sixth
successor was Logu-la-chyanda. During the time of King Lha-tho-Tho-ri Chyang.
Nechoo Gumba
Under the bottom of the hill to the eastern side of the compound of Dhepung Gumba,
23 Harsa Muni Shakya "Bhot Ra Nepal Bichko Dharmik Sambandha" (Relation between Nepal and
24 Harsha Muni Shakya, "Buddha Dharmako Vikar ma Shakyaharuko den (Contribution of Shakyas in the
Tibet) Lalitpur; Buddha Jayanti Golden Jubilee Souvenir- 2606 A.D. pp.35.
promotion of Buddhism) Kathmandu; The Shakya foundation Nepal, 2006 A.D. p.35.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha
a big Nechoo Gumba is located. Near the Gumba there is a pipal tree. It is stated that
Fahie 406 A.D., Chi-Meng (Chinese monk) 424 A.D., and Hiuen Tsang (629 A.D)
on the branch of the Pipal tree, there is an image of a pigeon. It is a popular belief
visited Lumbini and Kapilvastu.27
that the pigeon flew from Nepal. This Gumba with golden roof includes the image of
Bhimsen. The Bhikshus worship this Gumba. About 500 Buddhist Bhikshu live in this
Buddha Bhadra and Advaya Vajra's contribution to China in the translation of
Gumba. In the famous Gumbas of Lhasa the great Dhamis (Shamanists) live . There
Buddhist scriptures and texts indicates the close relationship of the scholars in the
are many such Gumbas in Lhasa. The Nechoo Gumba is the most embellished one.
Newars living in Tibet pay homage to Bhimsen every day at Muratimba Gumba of
Bhakar for successful transition of their trade. They established the image of
The seventh century A.D constituted a watershed in Nepal-Tibet relations.28 The
Bhimsen at their shops too. The Bhimsen of Tibet is said to be Dharmapal, conceived
matrimonial relationship between Nepal and Tibet cemented the bilateral
by Padmasambhava. Every year the Jyapus of Subahal Bhimsensthan go to Tibet as
relationship. Princess Bhrikuti had taken Acharya Sheel Manju and images of
per tradition maintained by their ancestors. The elders of 10 Palas (business
Akshobya, Tara and Buddhist tests to Jokhang Bahi of Lhasa. Sheel Manju, the great
community) and merchants of 32 shops welcome them. The domicile Nepalis of
scholar of Nepal contributed a lot in the awakening of Tibet with Buddha teaching.
Lhasa go to welcome them. They offer golden Kikimpa ( Silver Leaf) to Bhimsen
raising funds. A great feast is organized on the arrival of Bhimsen. It shows that the
Frequent Visits of Chinese Monks to Nepal
Jyapus worked as porters in the trade with Lhasa. It shows the interactions between
The frequent visits of the Chinese monks and some Korean monks shed Buddhist
the two countries and it thus constitutes people to people relations.25
light in the Nepal-China relationsip. Hsuan Chao entered Nepal in 654 A.D. Chinese
princess Wen-Ching financially helped him for his journey. The Chinese envoy Wang
Pligrimage to Lumbini: The Birthplace of Lord Buddha
Hsuen-tse met him in India. On their way back they arrived in Nepal where the
The Buddhist holy Sutras mention that the Buddist got merit in making pilgrimage
Nepali ruler helped Hsuan Chao to proceed towards Tibet.29 Tao-fang came to
to Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Buddha. Lumbini was regarded as the most holy
Nepal settled in a Vihara in the Kathmandu Valley around 650-655 A.D. Mathsimha
pilgrimage shrine. To refer Mahaparinirvana Sutra, Lord Buddha had described
of Shih-hui went to India with the monk Pieu to study sanskrit. Hsuan-hui came to
Lumbini as a place with contemplative virtue. He has advised all his faithful
Nepal on his way back from China. Wu-kung, a Chinese monk visited Lumbini in
followers and deveotees to visit Lumbini from the beginning of the 3rd century B.C.
764 A.D. in the Tang period.
Lumbini remained the holiest of all holy sites among Chaturamahasthanani (four
pilgrimage sites)26. It is attested by the archaeological remains of Lumbini Nativity
Nepali Monks Visit to China
Site. Lumbini was inscribed in the World Heritage sites of UNESCO in 1997 A.D. The
Vimoksasena and Subhakarashimha went to China in the sixth and eight centuries
Chinese Yuch Chih monk of the Tri Dynasty (256-420 A.D.), Seng-Tsai (265-420 A.D.),
respectively. They translated Buddhist texts into Chinese. Vimoksasena was a
25 Harsha Muni Shakya, "Bhoat Ra Nepal Bichko Dharmik Sambandha," (Religions relations between Tiber
27 Manandhar f.n. No. 5 pp. 19-21.
and Nepal) lalitpur; Buddha Jayanti Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 2006 A.D. p.33.
28 Prem Raman Upreti, Nepal-Tibet Relations, 1850-1930. Kathmandu;Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1998 A.D.
26 Babu Krishna Rijal, "Archaeological Activities in Lumbini 1975-77" Kathmandu, Department of
Archaeology, Ancient Nepal No. 30-39, 1975 A.D. p.38.
29 Manandhar, f.n. No. 5, p. 44.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha
Shakyan prince of Kapilvastu, Nepal. He went to China with Gautam Prajnaruchi, a
The Siddhas, Preachers and Vajracharya Gurus Maintained Cultural and
Buddhist scholar of Banaras in 516 A.D. He translated a number of Buddhist texts
Intellectual Hot Line.
into Chinese. Subhakara Simha, a son of the royalty of the Shakya family of Nepal
claimed descent from King Amrotodana, the uncle of the Buddha. He studied in the
The Siddha, the Preacher and Vajracharya Gurus maintained cultural and
Buddhist Univesity of Nalanda. He went to China with a large collection of Sanskrit
intellectual hot line between the two countries. The Siddhas and preachers from (8th
manuscripts and presented to Chinese Emperor Huuan-tsuang. He translated
to 14th centuries) maintained a cultural hot line between Nepal and China, via the
Mahavairochana Sutra. He was a teacher of Itsing (683-727 A.D.)30
present Tibetan autonomous region. In the early medieval period many Viharas
were constructed in Nepal. Nepali traders greatly benefited by the trade with her
Agrahara (land tax) Allocated for Sending the Porters to Tibet
southern neighbor. As a result, many Viharas were constructed in ancient and early
To quote the inscription of Shiva Deva II of Lagan Tole, five porters were sent to
medieval periods. During the time of Narendradeva 21 Viharas were constructed in
Tibet with the expense of government revenue every year. It is known as Bhotga
the South Koliyagram (lowerpart of downtown Kathmandu). Many Viharas
Visit: (tax on land as levy by government). The inscription dated 119 N.S. (999 A.D)
emerged in the Kathmandu Vally. Nepal served as a training ground for interaction
makes provision of allocating land tax for facilitating trade with Tibet every year.31
between the scholars of India and Tibet. The Tibetan scholars learnt Sanskrit in
Towards the end of the 10th century, Nepal's trade with Tibet flourished. The
Nepal before going to India. The Indian scholars also got accustomed in the
commodities constituted of cultural goods. It has already been discussed earlier
Himalayan region of Nepal before going to Tibet. Before going to Tibet, Padma
that the trades of Kirti Punya Mahavihara of Lagan Tole and other Vihars of Dakshin
Sambhava lived in Pharping grotto for six years and practiced Vajrakila Sadhana
Koliyagram were involved in trade with Tibet. The traders and craftsman of Nepal
(austere practices). Dipankara Shree Jnana Atisha lived in Bikram Sheel Mahavihara
were skilled in metal crafts. It is also clear from the accounts of Christian missions.
at Thamel. During the Licchavi period (1st to 9th Century) Leela Vajra (741 A.D.), one
The income of the trade with Tibet was spent to make Vihars and temples. Besides
of the eight four Siddhas, initiated Namasagiti (text relating to Pancha Buddha and
this, the venerable Lamas of Tibet had made different temples and Vihars in the
Vajra Sattava). He was one of the teachers of Virkramasheela Mahavihara at Nalanda
religious sites. It had strengthened friendly relations with Tibet. Moreover, the
University. He made Sikhomu Vihara of Kathmandu. Marpadopa was the disciple of
religious rites and rituals were performed by Lammas and Vajracharayas in each
Vagisvara and Kanakshree, brother of Phamthinpa. Tibetan scholar Marpa was
other's country. Svayambhu (Sansgun-holy place ) Mahabaudha, Namobudha are
initiated in Ratnakara Mahavihara of Gabahal, Patan. Rwa Vajrakiriti, rival of Marpa
equally sacred and powerful shrines to all Buddhist of this region. These shrines are
had education from Guru Bhro (Vajra Bhairu Acharya).32 Many Tibetan scholars
taken as the centres of pilgrimage. To give a cursory glance at the inter-cultural
came to learn Sanskrit with Nepali Vajracharyas. Dharma swami's (1197-1264 A.D.)
relationship between Nepaland the autonomous region of Tibet, and China it is
accounts of Nepal are taken as accounts of Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang, Fahien,
obvious that the cultural relationships between them was promoted for centuries.
and Itsing. His account of the festival of Matsyendra Nath is an eye witness account
of the 13th country.
30 Ibid f.n. No, 5 p.p. 44-48.
31 Dhana Vajra Vajracharya; Licchavi Kalka Abilekh (Inscription of Licchivi Period) Kathamandu;
32 K.M. Shrestha, History of Buddhism in Nepal with Special reference of Vajrayana Buddhism,
Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, 1990 A.D. pp.514-518.
Kathmandu; Kamala Devi Shrestha, 2008 A.D. p.p. 217-220.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha
Arniko's Contribution for the Promotion of Buddhism in China
(N.S.507)36 during the time of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.), which succeeded
During the 13th century, Phagpa, the monk of Sakya monastry of Tibet was the Guru
the Mongols managed to establish diplomatic relations with Nepal. The Ming
(Teacher) of Mangol Emperor Kublai Khan of China. During that time, Nepal was
Emperor Hung Wu had deputed a Buddhist monk Tung-lo (1318-1391 A.D) with
the centre of interaction between the countries of South East Asia in Buddhism.33
his embassy of 30 people. 37 In 1390 A.D. (510 N.S), the envoy attended an
The craftsmen and the artists of Nepal commanded respect in Tibet by their art
inauguration ceremony of Taitravar Mahavihara at Kavre Palanchowk where
works. Emperor Kublai Khan had made Arniko, a prominent figure in his court.
Vajrasana Bhattarak was installed by Jaitra Laxmi, spouse of madana Sima Ram
Arniko influenced the life and culture of monks in Wu-tai-shan of China. To quote P.
Vardhana, brother of Jaya Simha Ram Vardhana. Jaya Simha Ram Vardhana
London, there is still a structure remotely resembling Boudhnath and
welcomed the Chinese mission led by Bhikshu Tunglo or Zhiguan. Since then Nepal
Svyambhunath at Wu-tai-shan. Manjushree is the guardian deity of China, and
had diplomatic relations with China. 38 Tirtha Prasad Mishra writes-" Nepal
Arniko had influenced the Chinese Emperor by his masterpiece art works. Arniko
dispatched altogether eighteen quinquennial mission to China in between 1792 to
first influenced the Phagspa by making a golden pagoda in the Sakya monastery. It
1906 A.D.39. On 1st August 1955, Nepal and China established diplomatic relations.
was on the recommendation of Phagpa, the spiritual teacher of the Emperor, Arniko
The basic principle of bilateral ties was based on Panchasheel. The Panchasheel
was invited to China. He established his credibility there by making a White Pagoda
or Stupa, within two years, the Emperor was highly impressed by his skills in metal
casting. He repaired many icons in Beijing and his paintings excelled. He left an
a) Respect to each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity.
imprint of Nepali Buddhist art over there.34
b) Non-aggression.
Non-interference in each other's internal affairs economically, politically
Suspension of Sino-Nepal Relationship
and ideologically.
Vijay Kumar Manandhar writes-"The collapse of the Tang dynasty at the beginning
d) Equality and mutual benefit and
of the 10th century led to the suspension of Nepal-China relations for about two
e) Peaceful co-existence.40
hundred years".35
In 1956 Tanka Prasad Acharya, the then Prime Minister of Nepal visited China.
An extract of the annals of Ming gives an account of Nepal-China relationship in the
During that time diplomatic relations with China had been renewed. The Buddha
14th century. The rulers of Rama Vardhana family of palanchowk took the title of
light thus has strengthened the tie of friendship in cultural prospective.
Wang (King) from Yanglo, the Emperor of China. The Chinse Mission, in 1387,
36 Shrestha, f.n. No 31 p.281.
33 Shrestha, f.n. No 31 p.255.
34 Harsha Muni Shakya, "Bharat Ra Nepal Bichko Dharmik Sambandha," (Religions relations between
38 Shakya f.n. No, 23. p. 24.
Tiber and Nepal) lalitpur; Buddha Jayanti Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 2006 A.D. p.33.Manandar f.n. No.
39 Tirtha Prasad Mishra; "Nepal's Quinquenial Mission to China" Kathmandu; 1986 A.D. p.p76-78.
40 Hiranya Lal Shrestha, "Political Aspect of Nepal China Relations" Nischal N. Pandey ed. Nepal-China
35 Manandhar, f.n. No, 5 p.50.
Relations. Kathmandu; Institute of Foreign Affairs, 2005 A.D. pp.1-2.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Golden Jubilee of .….
rs Rajeev Kunwar
Conclusion
The Nepal-China relationship is based in the principle of Panchasheel (five principles).
The Buddha preached Panchasheel to his followers. The teachings of Buddha highlight moral and spiritual aims of sentient beings. The Panchasheel principle
envisaged in the diplomatic relations between Nepal-China relations is based on
spiritual and ethical and political principles. The monks, nuns and laities take vows
of Panchasheel in the beginning of any religious ceremony.
The First World Buddhist Summit held in Lumbini in 1998 A.D. (2055V.S) has
recommended that Lumbini be developed as a Foundation of World Peace and Lord
Buddha be taken as an Apostle of Peace and Lumbini Buddha University be
promoted as Centre of Intellectual Interaction among the Buddhist scholars of the
world . The Chinese monastery constructed in the monastic Zone of Lumbini is
fostering Bodhicitta (Buddha way of life or awakened mind). Pure land Buddhism
has been the main motto of Chinese Buddhism which aims at welfare of all sentient
beings of the world. China which remained as the Celestial Empire in the remote
past has developed spiritualism, which illuminates the minds of all. Nepal
appreciates that the Buddha light has strengthened the ties of relationship between
Nepal and China.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Nepal: A Bovine . ….
rs Rajeev Kunwar
Nepal: A Bovine in between Elephant and Dragon
The daunting task in post-political transformation in the least developed country
- Rajeev Kunwar
like Nepal is to buttress the ideas underpinning the solid foundations of liberal
democracy. It requires an appropriate sequel to the political reform in the country
Metaphorically contemporary India and China with their politico-economic
which is an economic advancement of its inhabitants who are in pursuit of peace,
structural strengths and weaknesses can be depicted as a rising elephant and a
happiness and prosperity. Nepal is fortunately surrounded by two Asian Gullivers
soaring dragon respectively. Nepal's national animal is a cow, and by nature this
who are persistently in the quest of socio-economic development and the status of
bovine is slow-moving, dull, docile, placid and gullible. Foreign powers take no
major power in international relations in the 21st century to be reckoned with. Their
chance in to press the udder to milch the cow, and once a hermit kingdom before
mutual density of interactions in the post-Cold war era underlines civilisational
1950s has in the new millennium embraced a political nomenclature or identity in
interdependencies in finding the conceptions of contemporary state, society and
most cases similar to India.
international relations in Asian perspectives. Despite their differences in ideological
moorings - Marxism with Chinese characteristics and social democracy with
Nepal is a classical case of small state in Asia which is sandwiched between two
admixture of liberalism and idealism in the Indian context, both colossi are duly
mega-states or major powers of the 21st century – India and China. As an idea of
nurtured in the political thought of the Occident. It is difficult to extricate from
transit state had been floated in 2005 by the Royal régime, Nepal could reap benefits
universal values espoused by two different schools of thought in their internal
from economic prosperity of India and China, their growing rapprochement, and
dimension of the political systems.
geo-economic regionalism which have now outmoded the old balance of power
concept. However the cautious optimism will be in the air about the outlook of two
In its external dimension, the political treatises of Kautilya (Arthashastra) and Sun
Asian powers with their legacy of political history – the one being freed from the
Tzu (The Art of War) germinated realist perspectives before Machiavelli (The Prince),
colonial rule, and the other being the resurgent one party communist state
Alberico Gentili {De Jure Belli (1598)} and Clausewitz delved into statecraft, the laws
transformed from the republican system by ending the effete (Qing) dynastic rule.
of war and strategies of war and peace. The rich culture and diversity in their social
Their common objective is to ameliorate living standard of their inhabitants which
set-up fields many formidable questions to reduce the emerging region purely into
comprise 1/3rd of humanity.
the balance of power prismatic form whereby extra regional powers like the US,
Russia and Europe form alliances with them suiting their national interest.
Amidst the ‘rising India' and ‘peaceful rise' of China how Nepal can carve out its
Nonetheless, the simplistic containment theory can be debunked, and as its
niche in maintaining good neighbourly relations with both not even thinking of
repercussions in geopolitics in the history felt like ripples in neighbouring countries.
playing the games of using one against the other, maintaining harmony, solidarity
However, the immanent nature of Asian countries and ironically their people to
and peace in Asia and reducing poverty to extirpate allied pernicious political and
mutually recognize their esteem and to live with peaceful-coexistence defies any
socio-economic ills.
major outbreak of inter-state war among them. Except some theatres became conflict
prone thrusted by quasi-imperial and extra-regional interests such as Afghanistan,
Mr. Kunwar, a First Class First Rank holder in Politics and International Relations from India, is Adjunct
the Middle East, India-Pakistan, Indo-China region (Vietnam) and Korean peninsula
Professor of Political Theory at the Kathmandu School of Law.
in the post-war world of 20th century. It continues to dissuade forging ties based on
mutual trust and friendship. The future of Asia lies in reducing mutual suspicion
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Nepal: A Bovine . ….
rs Rajeev Kunwar
among its countries and establishment of a just and egalitarian society based on
suicidal rates among farmers are very high. After neo-liberal economic reform in
popular sovereignty.
1990 put into action by the incumbent Indian Prime Minister, "to become rich is
glorious" in rising India. India after six decades continues to grapple with poverty,
The trajectory of liberal democracy in Nepal would be incomplete without reference
illiteracy, ignorance, and female foeticide, lack of health and oppressive nature of
to India. India's predominance in Nepal and in the region can not be nullified even
society. Some also correlate the persistent underdevelopment besides heirarchisation
by courting other power centers as the pangs of proximity dictates the democratic
of society in rural India due to zamindari system of land ownership. Unless the
norms and values in the country.
country resolves agrarian reform to disentangle stymied land reform and revamp
redistributive mechanism, it falters the country to materialize the lofty principles of
Enchanting India and China
"socialist, secular and democratic republic."
India presents diverse shades and contrasts. It is a canvas of people inhabited since
ages in spite of its formidable hues to create a picture of a just and egalitarian society.
On the other hand China which started economic reforms by implementing open
The West is pleased to designate this independent country for 62 years as the world's
door policy in 1979 has shown unparallel coexistence of one party leadership and
largest democracy and some natives see it as the "burden of democracy" (Prof.
economic growth and development. Its prosperity owes special thanks to overseas
Pratap Bhanu Mehta) or "crisis of governability" (Prof. Atul Kohli). Though its
Chinese and entrepreneurs who think relentlessly about developing it. Moreover
democracy has survived even in the Cold War rivalry at the expense of one party
about wiping out poverty and spreading happiness. Deng Xiaoping's dictum holds
dominant system, it is a young nation with archaic red taped ex-British Raj
true even today wherein the modern architect of the country said to all the
institutions striving to achieve major power status in international arena.
countrymen "to keep cool head, do not take lead and keep low profile." It sounds
humbleness, perseverance and action rather than rhetoric and cosmetic words. If
The country boasts of 30 per cent middle class people out of 1.5 billion inhabitants.
China has overtaken Germany by occupying 3rd largest economy of the world and
They are bulwark of democracy and according to some they form consumer-citizens
competing neck and neck with Japan it is not surprising at all. The country where
of twelfth largest economy in the world. But the functioning democracy in
thousands of flowers bloom, a creative and positive energy of the people do bring a
developing societies much depends on who is at the foci of power and the future of
great quantum leap change in the modern society.
politics lies in emancipation of backward groups and marginalized communities as
they have themselves become agents of change. On the other hand, middle class
Though analysts clinically compare India with China in terms of growth rate and
people are absorbed by the free market and burgeoning civil society organizations,
forecast similar scale of economic development it is not smooth for India with its
lest depoliticisation and new age identity politics.
elephantine bureaucracy to shed interests of common people. The interests of
powerful Babudom do not favour in minimising the role of it in ameliorating the
India also entices and enchants foreigners as it is one of the two parliamentary
living standard of common people. Infact China started economic reform measures
democratic countries in Asia (other being Japan). Despite of shortcomings and
decade before India and has sacrificed which nowadays result in dissent in rural
dominance of one party Indian National Congress (INC) since 1950 to 1977 its
China. Pandit Nehru said "at the stroke of midnight hour when the world sleeps
democracy is vibrant, lively and full of paradoxes.
India will awake to life and freedom." In the same tone India's journey into new
The avowed aim of championing the cause of teeming poor is no longer adhered as
millennium is fraught with difficulties as well as opportunities.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Nepal: A Bovine . ….
rs Rajeev Kunwar
It is the primacy and dictum of trade rather than aid that should direct the political
The double digit growth in the neighbourhood must allay fears that both
economy of the country. Sound economic policies and robust economic growth are
mega-states are interlocked in territorial disputes since 1962 war. They have started
leverage that allows wide maneuverings in Nepalese foreign policy and wider
rapprochements in all spheres of bilateral relations. Their interests are to be great
international relations. On the other hand immutable geo-politics of the milieu
powers of 21st century and they are. And not even the West can match their human
coupled with geo-economics and geo-culture shape the minds of policymakers
resource and capacity to shift the balance of power at present trailing heavily in
responding to the futures of international society. A tightrope diplomacy as some
favour of the US (the West) to Asia. It must be also our interest to work with these
scholars point out as outmoded practice must be overhauled. Nepal need to exploit
partners in all-round development of Asia, protect our cultural values and maintain
potentials of two mega-states in its favour keeping in mind ameliorating living
durable peace in the region.
standards of common folk of the country. The country is sermonized and advised
much but the political leadership is yet to find a common voice and choices put forth
Geo-political Contours of India-Nepal-China Triangle
by intelligentsia, bourgeoning middle class and crème de la crème of knowledgeable
Pirthvinarayan Shah's foreign policy in the form of yam theory in the light of Divya
human resource. More it is preoccupied with non-development issues or moreover a
Upadesh (Divine Counsels) is as relevant as ever for the maintenance of peace,
primacy of politics takes precedence of socio-economic development endangers the
stability and friendship vis-à-vis two giant neighbours. Nepal is a pigmy, puny and
country at the brink of collapse.
Lilliputian state vis-à-vis two giant neighbours. "The position of Nepal was, of
course, rendered delicate, not by mere juxtaposition with such powerful neighbours.
Economic Diplomacy has become a buzzword since 1995 in Nepal and has occupied
It was the complex problem of trade from the north and the south, joined to the
as a vogue in discharging additional important function apart from traditional
problem of divergent spheres of influence and the expansionism of the East India
diplomacy. Though liberal internationalism has gained ascendancy and has been
Company." 1 A noted late historian further writes that the founder of Nepal
fashioned after the end of the Cold War, the free market doctrine it espouses has
understood the problem in all its ramifications and indicated in the corpus "the need
encouraged the idea of precedence of trade over aid in terms of reaping dividends of
for a healthy fear of the British." Some scholars have maintained that both India and
an open market economy. Economic diplomacy needs to be conducted to harness the
Nepal are democracies in the making of mutual trust. Of late the internal
economic prospects and potential bilaterally and multilaterally. However economic
sovereignty of a small country has been under constant threat from "too much
diplomacy has been overshadowed time and again due to an excessive
concern" shown by democratic countries that frequently exchange words with and
preoccupation of political issues in bilateral relations mainly with India. Other
counsel directly to the head of state cum government. Whether is it their genuine
reason attributed to it is an elusive internal political stability and an absence of
concern for consolidation of infant democracy in Nepal or the allegation of leftists in
national consensus in forging and prioritizing trade ties. This has serious
India and Nepal of their strategic interests to "encircle" and counter-balance the
repercussions in bourgeoning national industries and home grown entrepreneurial
northern neighbour remains to be objectively examined? However the economic
activities which have recently been hostage to and captive of radicalized trade
interdependence of China and the West, the US in particular, further complicates if
unionism. But the urge of private sector to boost economic and commercial ties to
the option available to tame the soaring dragon is to form alliance of democratic
the expanding huge markets of the world which lies either next to our doorstep
requires calculated strategic study to reap benefits for the common people of the
L.F. Stiller, S.J., Pirthwinarayan Shah in the Light of Divya Upadesh, (Kathmandu: Himalayan Book
Center, 1989), p. 47.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Nepal: A Bovine . ….
rs Rajeev Kunwar
nations in Asia (Japan, India and Australia). Can we assume at face value that
stressed on multilateralism and policy of non-interference in internal affairs of a
America's growing interest in South Asia by recognizing preeminence of India's role
sovereign country. This does not hold true for a country which considers itself as a
in the region is independent of America's relations with China or is it the correlation
beacon of freedom, human rights and democracy. Such a bastion likes to exert
of considering China as a strategic competitor as compared to the world's largest
paramount influence against the interest of self-governed intra-state system in
neutralizing opposing views which is implicitly and explicitly associated with
redefining their relations on an even keel in the inter-state system.
Another historically important reminder of Nepal's relations with India can be
With recognizing difference, and furthermore, routing any form of resistant to the
summarized as maternal home of Indians. The point is that Nepalese are maternal
power-centers on any part of the globe. The deliberative method has been
uncle and aunty whereas Indians are sons and daughters of Goddess Sita of
overshadowed and illusions have been created in the minds of public that the only
Janakpur married to a noble king Ram of Ayodhya. Nepal therefore acts as an after
option available is employing the monopoly of violence against non-state actors
maternal care to the southern neighbour. By the way our relations with China are by
without probing into the root causes of genuine dissenting voices. It is applicable
no means ahistorical. Tibetan King Tsrong-Tsam Gampo had married Chinese
equally to the facets of internal conflict surfacing in a sovereign country with
Princess Wen-Cheng and Nepalese Princess Bhrikuti. Therefore Nepal is also a
external dimension and to the larger spectacle of a scourge of terrorism and its
maternal home of Tibetans and Chinese, the offspring of these two Princesses.2 This
reaction thereof, the "war on terror."
is an interesting note that Nepal's position vis-à-vis two Asian neighbours which is
cardinal and crucial in spreading amity, friendship and peace based on trust,
The level of involvement of international community need to be curtailed in Nepal
compassion and understanding.
but genesis of it goes back to the rise of insurgency and ultra-left clamouring to be
providing nationalist agenda are nonetheless ones who have invited or provocated
However it is doubtful to ascertain the chequered relations amongst Asian nations
for neo-colonization of uncolonised country. The "political seduction," 3 as I
will be unspoiled by power politics if the neo-conservative military strategists
designate to the appeal and penchant of everything western including values, mores
outweigh in decision-making of South Block by playing second fiddle to Foggy
and norms, is taking place in two ways or non-reciprocally with much harm to the
Bottom. The progress towards India-China "strategic cooperation" has not totally
recipient poor Asian country. The scenario emerging from "domestic political
eliminated Chinese concern at the growing India-US "strategic partnership."
immaturity," more preferable than to use word "crises," is negativistic feelings and
animosity towards southern neighbour which is pursuing its legitimate interests in
Political Prescriptions of the Region
Nepal and it will not wither away sooner or later. The other neighbour to the north is
India has to be reborn as a champion of non-alignment in the South and of the voice
deeply worried about the ramifications to its Tibetan Autonomous Region. But
of voiceless rather than imitate double standard evinced by the US in political
Nepal is embroiled in pessimistic image of daily political activities and has not
developments in so-called "sphere of influence." It is soft power strategy and
embarked on yeoman task to lift the country out of poverty and inflation. The
public diplomacy that is likely to woo more friends than mere show of hard power
and sanctions. And China has cultivated friendship among disadvantaged nations,
Rajeev Kunwar, "On Political Seduction: An Inquiry into the Nature of Politics in the Least
Developed Asian Country with an Analysis and Illustration from the Case of Nepal," Working Paper,
Read more Rishikesh Shaha, Heroes and Builders of Nepal, (Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1965).
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Nepal: A Bovine . ….
rs Rajeev Kunwar
external strategy of the country is to push, mobilize and execute economic agendas
juxtaposition to colossi neighbours. A small state like Nepal has succeeded in
in the statecraft to build a strong economic nation-state.
surviving for more that 240 years in its present configuration in an often very
adverse political environment. Nepal's present independence, external sovereignty,
Thus the interactions of awakened giants for the development, peace and security of
stability and prosperity can only be secured by economic development in the
their people and neighbourhood will be of immense interest to any Asian scholar.
neighbourhood and how it can capitalize benefits from both giants. The
Nepal has conducted its foreign policy and diplomacy with two large neighbours of
commemorations of the unified nation-state could not bridge the gap between the
Asia - a region whose political history and economic fate was for several centuries
abstract ideal of the independence of the small nation and the reality of the
determined by things that happened somewhere outside of Asia. "We have now
unavoidable compromises imposed by a brook in country's sovereignty through
crossed over into a period in which things happening in Asia, opinions formed in
various means. The country is essentially – though not – preoccupied by its dealings
Asia, and decisions made in Asia, will largely determine the course of events
with India and there are limitations to its maneuverability and implementation of its
elsewhere in the world."4 It is pertinent to quote a westerner's views about Asia
external policies. According to an expert on foreign affairs Nepal's rise in the
which has become, instead, "a testing ground for all our theories and ways of doing
international arena has been historically a slow and arduous process. The country
things. Failure in Asia would doom our hopes for a cooperative world order. Success
operated as a part of an international subsystem with its external relations confined
in Asia would prove the survival value of the post-war world order toward which
to its immediate neighbours. 7 Other Nepalese intellectual and foreign policy
we are working."5
thinkers dwell on Sinophilic manner and some scholar have portrayed third boulder
in the yam theory that is the US, an extra-regional power in the emerging
The interdependency of the western world and the orient can not also be denied in
geo-strategic field.
the post-Cold War era on the backdrop of the end of grand ideology to counter so
called universal values of democracy, rule of law and human rights. It has also
The genius of India is evinced in the exercise of democracy in 2009 and how well the
spawned new relationships, new strategies and new national political identities. A
country manages diverse multicultural society and multiple issues cropping up in
small country Nepal has shed its old national identity which was maintained to
the political society as well. India and China have equal stakes in Nepal but it seems
evince difference with regard to its neighbours, and there from what implications
our ties with India which is intricate and entangled in many dimensions underline
does it hold for the future of the country.6 It can be either an anachronistic fairly tale
India's special relations to Nepal. It exacts tactfulness and diplomatic finesse to act as
Himalayan paradise or a laboratory of new ideas.
a bridge between them for Nepalese statesman and officials.
It is a cacophony if too many people harp on the same subject matter vaguely
‘Small' has been and will remain the epithet attached to any description of Nepal.
without providing some compelling and lucid accounts. One can not deny the role
Demography, territory, GNP, military resources: all objective parameters point to the
of the state despite mushrooming growth of civil society and non-state actors
category of the small-sized. Some might tempt to think ‘mini' or ‘extra small' in
influencing international relations. The onslaught of globalization may have
Owen Lattimore, Solution in Asia, (London: The Cresset Press, 1945), p. 1.
Sridhar K. Khatri, "Nepal in the International System: The Limits of Power of a Small State," Anand
Aditya (ed.), The Political Economy of Small States, (Kathmandu: Nepal Foundation for Advanced
Prakash A. Raj, Crisis of Identity in Nepal, (Varanasi: Pilgrims Publishing, 2007).
Studies and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2nd Print, 2001), p. 12.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Nepal: A Bovine . ….
rs Rajeev Kunwar
diminished the state sovereignty and lurched from one financial crisis to another. An
essence of any nation's foreign policy is centered on national interests and pursue as
a nation-state a "strategy of survival" or "struggle for existence."
It is the exclusive preserve of the state in formulating, implementing and executing
the foreign policy and international relations as it is the centre of negotiating body to
diffuse and dissipate international norms and values in a domestic political society.
Pundits of Nepalese bureaucracy have to manage pugilist, cunning and shrewd
brown sahibs of Indian babudom on the one hand and taciturn thinking and lukewarm
responses of mandarins of Chinese one party state on the other. According to Vidur, Minister of King Dhritarasthra - "Pundits are those who are adept at their
self-character, laborious, abide by dharma in trying circumstances. They do not aim
for rare objects, are not worried about lost items and unwavered in times of
difficulty and calamity (p.15)."8 A wiseman becomes a fool sometimes and if a
shrewd person hoodwink a weak and fool, he/she is not to be considered a seer or
erudite rather a mean cheater with trivial-mindedness.
To recapitulate, it is an economic prosperity that matters most along with an
undisputable democratic political framework which holds future for maintaining
democratic peace in the region and beyond. Analysts can figure out it is the age of
Asians who were suppressed in modern history until the Second World War. They
are the genuine movers and shakers of international relations and making pluralist
society at work for the benefit of mankind.
More about kingship, governance, advisors and forts, see Vanmali Subedi (ed.), Vidurniti,
(Kathmandu: Pravesh Prakashan, 2059 B.S.), pp. 9-38.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Activities. . ….
ff ai rs Activities
constitution was incorporation of word "socialism" and "secularism" done by Prime
Seminar on "Constitution Making Process of Nepal and its
Minister Indira Gandhi.
He said similar demands made by Sheikh Mujiban Rahman in Pakistan were not
A seminar on "Constitution Making Process of Nepal and its challenges" was
recognized. The Indian constitution provides an independent judiciary and has
organized by Nepal Council of World Affairs on November 17, 2009 in association
central list, concurrent list and state list.
with the Indian Embassy and B.P. Koirala India-Nepal Foundation.
Gajanada Agrawal said the real problem is how much power should be given to
The chief Guest was Hon'ble Dr. Minendra Prasad Rijal, Minister for Federal,
Madhesh. Shambhu Rana said one major problem is Nepal is lack of coalition
Constituent Assembly, Parliamentary and Cultural Affairs. The keynote speaker was
Dr. Mushirul Hassan, former Vice Chancellor, Jamia Milia University, Delhi.
Ambassador Sood said Nepal is now is transition. The decision to negotiate 12 or 20
Hon'ble Minendra Rijal said some qualitative change in the present political
point accord should rest with Nepal. India had supported holding of election in
situation is needed if constitution were to be written in the current time frame. He
Nepal for Constituent Assembly and hoped for a logical end to peace process.
also talked about honest disagreements between political parties on mandate of
Nepal's Constitution makers should be sensitive towards people's will.
constituent assembly including property rights, rule of judiciary and form of
government. He also experessed concern that some Maoist leaders have talked about
Narayan Prasad Mishra asked if federalism was essential in democracy and if it were
banning certain political parties.
practical in Nepal. Prof. Hassan said members of Constitution Assembly who know
the reality of their country should decide on it. There should be a vision to reduce
Excellency Rakesh Sood, Ambassador of India welcoming Prof. Mushiral Hassan
inequalities. Replying to a question by Badri Das Shrestha, Prof. Hassan said Nepal
talked about his work in identity politics. He mentioned how Indian constitution
needs a new Constitution to re-order Nepal's priorities. Hemanta Kharel commented
was written 59 years earlier with a vision to face challenges. He said about ties of
the reason why India become a federal state was due to colonialism and
history, geography, and business that bind the two countries.
"unmanageable geography". He said Nepal had to give more autonomy to local
Professor Mushiral Hassan, Former Vice Chancellor, Jamia Milllia University said a
bodies. Prof. Hasan said each country must make its own model taking into account
Constitution represents collective aspiration of individuals in a society. While citing
topography and geopolitics and to ensure that it is accountable.
the case of South Africa he said the constitution writing process was done under the
Rajeshwor Acharya asked about India's experience in sharing water resources and
leadership of Nelson Mandela and the main task was peace and reconciliation.
revenue between states. Prof. Hassan talked about several commissions founded
Conflict solution was done through individual and collective initiative. The Indian
since 1950's to look into center-state relations. There are tribunals in Karnataka and
experiences of writing constitutions was done against the background of partition.
He said democracy, secularism and pluralism survives in India as the constitution
provides a package for all. He said the centre has granted more autonomy to the
Sajan Ram Bhandari asked if Nepal could establish federalism as in India and the US.
states in recent years. According to him consensus is not unanimity. The way to
Did the political parties had right to declare Nepal as a secular state ? In his opinion
achieve grater degree of consensus is by debate and discussion. He said consensus in
such issues should have been decided by referendum. Prof. Hassan disagreed that
the context of India was popular will. Two important things is the Indian
state restructuring and federalism are different issues.
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Activities. . ….
ff ai rs Activities
Mahesh Agrawal asked about constraint of consensus and solving issue of
India. On the other hand, what was approved is not in accordance with
inclusivity. Prof. Hassan Said the constitution could be amended if no consensus
independent judiciary. According to the approved provision a committee in the
could be reached. If a Constitution were to be devised for providing social justice it
Parliament should recommend the appointment and dismissal of judges. Parliament
will work Large sections of people of India regard the Indian Constitution as
should recommend the appointment and dismissal of Judges. What could be done is
custodian of their interests.
to make judicial hearing more effective and reject the recommendation even if one
member disagrees. Disputes between states should be decided by courts and not by
Parliament. There is also an opinion which says that such disputes should be
The second session
decided by Constitutional Courts.
Chaired by Mr. Tirtha Man Shakya
When the Indian Constituent was being promulgate, these were such personalities
Judicial provision on Constitution by Radheshyam Adhikari
as Ambadkar, Nehru, Patel, Kalam and Rajendra Prasad who played decisive roles.
There were towering personalities which the US Constitution was being discussed.
The first paper presented at the Second Session of Seminar was by Radheshyam
During promulgation of 1990 constitution in Nepal we could depend on support of
Adhikari. The session was chaired by Tirtha Man Shakya. The paper dealt with
Ganesh Man Singh and Krishna Prasad Bhattarai.
Judicial Provision in the Constitution.
There were comments by Sushil Shrestha and Surendra Mahato.
Mr. Adhikari said there was no separate judiciary during the Rana regime. The first
Mulki Ain was introduced after Jung Bahadur returned from Britain in 1854. it was
Suhil Shrestha asked what would happen if constitution could not be written by
not actually rule of law as the ultimate power to decide a case was with the Rana
May 14th. The mandate received in Jana Andolan II in 2006 does not exist anymore.
Prime Minister. Separation of power was introduced in 1958 when Judicial
He said judicial appointments could be made by political parties.
Administration Act was introduced. It made a provision for four tiers of judiciary.
Surendra Mahato said we need federalism in which power has to be given to
During Panchayat era, four tiers of courts were introduced. Judicial review was
provinces. Judiciary has to solve disputes between different states, between states
introduced in the period 1961 to 1981. however, the residual power was the King and
and persons and between persons. We need judges in the Court who adopt and
it was also abused in his name.
adapt changes. Judiciary in Nepal should be made inclusive. The present Supreme
After promulgation of 1990 Constitution, jurisdiction of Court was increased and
Court is very conservative. Reappointment of Judges should be made within three
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) brought changes in the interest of women and weaker
months after parliamentary elections. He said be did not favour appointment of
section of society. However, no judges were impeached during this period.
judges by public hearing. High Court Judges should be appointed by provinces.
The first meeting of Constituent Assembly (CA) passed the provision of "Federal
There was a question and answer session after presentation of paper and comments.
Democratic Republic of Nepal" However it was not explained what was included
Prakash A. Raj asked if Constitution Assembly has the right to extend deadline of
in it. There have been arguments that there should be three tiers in judiciary, The
writing Constitution and also about decisions made by People's Court (Jana Adalat)
Supreme Court, High Court and District Court. Agreement was reached on
of the Maoist and about judicial review. Radheshyam Adhikari said if too much
qualification of Judges. Unlike is the US where their is a parallel court system on
power is concentrated on Parliament an autocratic system might emerge. Provision
Federal and State level, CA Committee has recommended a system similar to that in
for judicial review should be made in the constitution. Parliament should not
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Activities. . ….
ff ai rs Activities
interpret the constitution. If that were to be the case, judicial review would be
federalism now. Although some people might say federalism was not viable
worthless. A consensus document could be produced. An extension for time for
financially. He said he did not agree.
writing Constitution could be demanded. Although such leaders as Gajendra
There was a question and answer session after the presentation of paper and
Narayan Singh had raised the issue of federalism in Nepal before 1990, it become a
comments, Prakash A. Raj asked if federalism based on ethnicity is desirable for
major issue all of a sudden.
Answering comments and questions, Prof. Baral said the country will not be divided
The second session
by recognizing Hindi. Our political leaders don't have a vision and everything is
done on a contingent basis. He said he did not agree that Nepal could disintegrate
Chaired -
Pradeep K Khadka
because of federalism. There should not be only one basis of federalism.
Federal System of Government by Prof. Lok Raj Baral.
Prof. Pradip Khadka said he agreed about lack of vision of our leaders. He said
The second session was chaired by Pradeep K Khadka A paper on Federal System of
about proposals creating states including mountains, hill and the Terai.
Government was presented by Prof. Lok Raj Baral.
Tika Jung Thapa, President of Nepal Council of World Affairs, thanked Prof. Baral
Prof. Baral said leadership plays a very important role in institution building.
for his insight.
Ambedkar at the time of Constitution building in India thought that a federal
structure similar to the US would not work in India as it was too diverse. Self
determination along the Soviet model was not applicable in India. So, India become
a centralized federation. Real federalism has been practiced in India and it has also
the 63rd Anniversary of
been given a coalition culture.
the Nepal Council of World Affairs
We offer our heartiest felicitations
The built in character of state in Nepal was discriminatory since Prithvi Narayan
and best wishes for all success
Shah. The centrality of Kathmandu was also a major factor in post-unification era.
Although a lang humbler of women were in Maoist Army there were few in power.
It is difficult to change character of state all of a sudden. However, it is now
realigned that the era of Centralism of power from Kathmandu is now over.
Contact Us
Prof Baral said he tracelled in many districts of the Terai but found that the local
Hama Merchant and Finance Limited
people did not see "one Madhesh, one Province" as feasible.
Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
Commenting on the paper Arjun Thapa, MJF member of CA said it is important to
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The built in character of Nepal has been discriminatory since the time of Prithvi
Website : www.hamafinance.com.np
Narayan Shah. This was continued during Panchayat Period. There is no way out of
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Activities. . ….
ff ai rs Activities
Activities of 2009-2010
Commission of Nepal. Similarly Prof. Dr. Lok Raj Baral, former Nepalese
Ambassador to India presented a paper on "Federal System of Government"
The Council organized a talk programme on June 24, 2009 at NCWA Seminar
in the second session. The paper was commented by Mr. Arjun Bahadur Thapa,
Hall on "Some Reflection on US-Nepal Relations Since 2006" by Mr.
MJF (Nepal) and the session was chaired by Prof. Dr. Pradeep Kumar
Williams S Martin, Political Economic Chief of US Embassy.
Khadka, Former President of the Council. The paper presenters of the sessions
answered the question raised from the floor on the occasion.
The 62nd Anniversary of Council was held on July 27, 2009 at the Hotel Malla,
Kahmandu. Chief Guest of the programme Rt. Hon'ble Prime Minister Mr.
The Council organized a talk programme on "Buddhist Light; Buddhism and
Madhav Kumar Nepal and Guest of Honour Deputy Prime Minister and
Sino-Nepal Cultural Linkage " at NCWA Hall, Harihar Bhawan Lalitpur, on
Foreign Minister Hon'ble Ms. Sujata Koirala delivered their respective
November 19, 2009. Prof. Dr. Khadga Man Shrestha, Registrar, Lumbini
speeches on "Foreign Policy of Nepal". The Annual Journal 2008-2009 of
Buddhist University, Lumbini, elaborated his views on the subject.
NCWA was released by the Chief Guest on the occasion.
A talk programme was jointly held by the Nepal Council of World Affairs and
An Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Council was held on August 16,
Russian Cultural Centre. Dr. Vladimir V Novikov, Counsellor of the Russian
2009 (Srawan 32, 2066) at Orchid Hotel, Tripureshwor. The meeting passed the
Cultural Centre, spoke on "Federal Structure of Russian Federation" The
budget and proposed programme for the fiscal year 2009/2010 and at the same
event took place on December 10, 2009 at Russian Cultural Centre at Kamal
time approved Auditor's Report and Financial Report for 2009/2010 and
Pokhari, Kathmandu.
appointed auditor for the next fiscal year.
The Council and the PEN Nepal organized a talk programme on "Minority
In association with Indian Embassy, Kathmandu, Nepal Council of World
Rights of Indigenous People in the New Constitution of Nepal" and a book
Affairs organized one-day seminar on "Constitution Making Process of
written by Dr. Ramdayal Rakesh and Mr. Chandra Kanta Gyawali was
Nepal and its Challenges" on November 17, 2009 at Hotel Malla Kathmandu.
released by Hon'ble Mr. Pradeep Gyawali, Member of Constituent Assembly.
The Seminar was divided into two sessions. Chief Guest, Federal, Constituent
The paper presented by Mr. Chandra Kanta Gyawali and Dr. Ram Dayal
Assembly, Parliamentary and Cultural Affairs Minister Hon'ble Minendra
Rakesh was commented by Mr. Prakash A. Raj, Vice President of NCWA at
Rijal, His Excellency Mr. Rakesh Sood, Ambassador, Embassy of Republic of
NCWA Hall, Harihar Bhawan Lalitpur, on February 14, 2010.
India and expert from India Prof. Mushural Hasan, former VC, Jamia Milia
University, Delhi spoke on various aspects of Constitution during the
A talk programme was jointly organized by the Council and the Center for
inaugural session. Two papers were presented in the two sessions. The first
Constitution Dialogue (CCD) on "Federalism in Nepal" on February 18, 2010
paper was presented by Hon'ble Radheshyam Adhikari, Member of the
at CCD Hall, Baneshwor. Mr. Larry Taman, International Project Manager of
Constituent Assembly on "Judicial Provision on the Constitution". The paper
UNDP spoke on the various models of Federalism on the occasion.
was commented by Mr. Surendra Mahato and Mr. Sushil Shrestha. The session
was chaired by Mr. Tirtha Man Sakya, former Chairman, Public Service
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Activities. . ….
ff ai rs Activities
The Council organized a talk programme on "Economic Development and
Activities of 2009-2010
International Relations: Issues for Poverty Alleviation Efforts in Nepal" on
March 1, 2010 at NCWA Seminar Hall, Pulchowk. Dr Rajendra Bahadur
Shrestha on expert on the economic affairs of Nepal, shed light on the said
topic on the occasion.
On the occasion
the 63rd Anniversary of
the Nepal Council of World Affairs
We offer our heartiest felicitations
and best wishes for all success
Ram Lal Shrestha
Founder President
ICTC Pvt. Ltd. , House.No. 468, ICTC Bldg., Street Hattisar, GPO
Box 660, Kathmandu, Nepal, Tel: +97714434895, Email:
[email protected], website: http://www.ictc.com.np
Nepal Council of World Affairs, 2010 Activities. . ….
ff ai rs Activities
Source: http://www.ncwa.org.np/uploads/journal/pdf/823704479125.pdf
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Advances in Understanding and Treatment of FelineInappropriate Elimination Meghan E. Herron, DVM, DACVB Feline inappropriate elimination is the number one behavioral reason for relinquishment of cats to shelters andhas historically been the most commonly reported feline problem addressed by behavior professionals. Veter-inarians are hence challenged to uncover the underlying motivation for this behavior so that an accuratediagnosis can be made and an effective treatment plan implemented. Before a behavioral diagnosis can bemade, underlying medical disease must be addressed, making a comprehensive physical evaluation imperative.After all medical issues have been addressed, a behavior diagnoses list is made based on detailed historicalinformation obtained from the cat owner. A distinction is first established between marking and inappropriatetoileting, according to elimination postures described by the owner and the social relevance of the sites ofinappropriate eliminations. Next, inadequacies of the litter box management are identified and subsequentaversions and preferences, including litter box aversion, substrate aversion, location aversion, substrate pref-erence, and location preference, can be diagnosed. The practitioner should be cognizant of the fact that anxietyfrom the environment and social conflict may play a major role in both marking and inappropriate toiletingbehaviors. Once both the medical and behavioral diagnoses are established, a treatment plan catered to theindividual cat, owner, and household environment can be formulated. This should include acceptable forms ofmarking when indicated, appropriate litter box management and hygiene, reduction of environmental stres-sors, including resolution of social conflict in multicat households, proper treatment and restricted access tosoiled areas, pheromone application, and, when indicated, anxiolytic drug therapy.© 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.