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Determination of metformin in mouse, rat, dog and human plasma samples by laser diode thermal desorption/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry

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Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis xxx (2010) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis Short communication Determination of metformin in mouse, rat, dog and human plasma samples bylaser diode thermal desorption/atmospheric pressure chemical ionizationtandem mass spectrometry John G. Swales , Richard Gallagher, Raimund M. Peter Astrazeneca R&D, DxDMPK CVGI RA, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK A simple, rapid and robust high-throughput assay for the quantitative analysis of metformin in plasma Received 27 January 2010 from different species using laser diode thermal desorption interfaced with atmospheric chemical Received in revised form 23 April 2010 pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LDTD-APCI-MSMS) was developed for use in a pharma- Accepted 26 April 2010 ceutical discovery environment. In order to minimize sample preparation a generic protein precipitation Available online xxx method was used to extract metformin from the plasma. Laser diode thermal desorption is a relativelynew sample introduction method, the optimization of the instrumental parameters are presented. The method was successfully applied to spiked mouse, rat, dog and human plasma samples and was subse- quently used to determine the oral pharmacokinetics of metformin after dosing to male rats in order to support drug discovery projects. The deviations for intra-assay accuracy and precision across the four species were less than 30% at all calibration and quality control levels.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
tally different ionization mechanism. The analytical methods oftenrequire large sample volumes (100 ␮L+) and the fundamental use Metformin is a biguanide type insulin sensitizing drug used to of chromatography means they are time consuming (each injec- treat type-2 diabetes (Diabetes mellitus) t is used in drug dis- tion taking multiple minutes) and often lack sensitivity (>10 ng/mL) covery in vivo models to assess the anti-diabetic potential of other depending on the detection method employed. Liu and Coleman drugs, commonly as a comparison compound in oral glucose tol- recently published a ESI-MS based method using hydrophilic inter- erance tests (OGTT) or other pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic action liquid chromatography (HILIC) adequately assayed studies easurement of systemic concentrations of metformin metformin with a lower limit of quantification of 0.5 ng/mL from is thus of interest both pre-clinically across various species, and 50 ␮L of human plasma, the use of the HILIC chromatography sys- clinically in therapeutic drug monitoring of diabetic patients to tem leads to cycle times of 2 min per injection.
prevent toxicity and ensure adherence to prescribed medications Laser diode thermal desorption (LDTD) is a relatively new sam- ple introduction source that does not require an HPLC step prior Metformin is a highly polar molecule that is traditionally dif- to detection via tandem mass spectrometry. LDTD has potentially ficult to measure. Several chromatographic methods have been many applications, however, at the time of writing this paper only reported for metformin analysis including normal phase chro- a limited number have been reported desorption matography on silica and cyano columns ion exchange of the analyte is initiated by use of an infrared laser. This generates chromatography ion pair chromatography reversed- neutral molecules in the gas phase from samples that have been phase chromatography The eluent of these separation adsorbed onto a metallic surface, in the case of LDTD this is a spe- techniques can be directed to a tandem mass spectrometer by cially designed stainless steel 96 or 384 well plate. When combined use of ion sources such as electrospray ionization (ESI) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) these neu- atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is not tral gas phase molecules can be ionized for subsequent detection considered the ideal ion source for metformin quantification due to by MS/MS direct nature of LDTD means analysis times can the risk of ion suppression from endogenous material in the sample be greatly reduced (typically <30 s per desorption), data can be cap- matrix, this effect is not as prevalent in APCI due to the fundamen- tured by conventional LC–MS/MS software because laser power canbe applied in a gradient that gives rise to a MS response reminis-cent of a chromatographic peak This paper demonstrates ∗ Corresponding author.
a sensitive and robust high-throughput LDTD-APCI-MSMS method E-mail address: (J.G. Swales).
for the determination of metformin in preclinical mouse, rat and 0731-7085/$ – see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: J.G. Swales, et al., Determination of metformin in mouse, rat, dog and human plasma samples bylaser diode thermal desorption/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. (2010),

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J.G. Swales et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 2.2. Control plasma Control mouse, rat and dog plasma was obtained from the AstraZeneca breeding colonies. Control human plasma wasobtained from the AstraZeneca clinical trial unit based at AlderleyPark, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK.
2.3. Instrumental The LDTD source was manufactured by Phytronix Technologies (Quebec, QC, Canada). Dried samples are loaded into the LDTD sys-tem on a specially designed LazWellTM 96-well plate manufacturedby Phytronix Technologies (Quebec, QC, Canada). The LDTD sourcehad the following settings: corona discharge needle voltage 3000 V,vaporizer temperature ambient, ion sweep gas pressure 0.3, auxil-iary gas off, sheath gas off. The carrier gas was nitrogen at a flowrate of 3 L/min. Laser power was ramped from 0% to 35% over 3 sand held at 35% power for 3 s before shutting off.
The LDTD source was mounted on a Quantum Ultra mass spec- trometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California, USA). Themass spectrometer was operated in positive ion selected reactionmonitoring (SRM) mode. Metformin was monitored at a parentmass of 130.097 and a daughter mass of 71.14 with a tube lensvoltage of 54.56 V and a collision energy of 22 V. Phenformin, theinternal standard, was monitored at a parent mass of 206.167 anda daughter mass of 105.08, the tube lens and collision energy were58.07 and 105.08 V, respectively. Parent molecules and fragmentsare displayed in capillary temperature was set at 270 ◦C,collision pressure at 1.5 mTorr.
The mass spectrometer software used for data capture was Xcal- Fig. 1. Raw data showing the typical ‘chromatogram' like response for the met-
ibur 2.0.7 and QuickQuan 2.3 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, formin m/z 130 > 71 transition produced by LDTD-APCI-MSMS.
California, USA).
2.4. Method development dog plasma samples and its subsequent application to rat phar-macokinetic samples in support of drug discovery. The paper also Compound optimization was performed using the auto-tune explores the potential of the technique for use in the analysis of function in the Xcalibur software. Four separate aliquots of a human plasma samples.
methanolic standard of each compound (10 ␮g/mL) were spotted(2 ␮L) onto a LazWellTM plate and evaporated to dryness under agentle stream of nitrogen. Each sample was then systematically adsorbed by LDTD into the mass spectrometer, the auto-tune algo-rhythm captured the relevant instrument parameters (tube lens 2.1. Chemicals, reagents and materials voltage, adjusted parent mass, collision energy and daughter ion)throughout the optimization process.
Metformin hydrochloride was synthesized at AstraZeneca.
Phenformin hydrochloride, the internal standard, was obtained 2.5. Solutions and standards from Sigma–Aldrich (Poole, Dorset, UK). HPLC grade methanol waspurchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, Leices- Stock solutions of metformin and phenformin were prepared tershire, UK).
in methanol to give a final concentration of 1 mg/mL. Subsequent Fig. 2. Structures of metformin and phenformin and the corresponding fragment ions monitored by MS/MS.
Please cite this article in press as: J.G. Swales, et al., Determination of metformin in mouse, rat, dog and human plasma samples bylaser diode thermal desorption/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. (2010),doi: ARTICLE IN PRESS
J.G. Swales et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis xxx (2010) xxx–xxx working solutions of metformin for use in calibration curve con- accuracy of each calibration standard used to construct the cali- struction were prepared by serial dilution of the stock solution.
bration curve was ±30% of nominal concentration, with the curve A protein precipitation solvent was prepared using the phe- constructed from no less than 5 points. The accuracy of at least 3/4 normin stock solution diluted to a concentration of 0.1 ␮g/mL in of the quality controls should was within ±30% of nominal con- centration. The acceptance criteria values are deemed acceptable Samples for the standard curves and quality controls were pre- within a discovery bioanalysis environment.
pared by spiking control plasma with the appropriate metformin Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non- working solution. The calibration standards were prepared at 5, 10, compartmental analysis performed in WinNonlin 5.2.1 (Pharsight 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 2000 ng/mL. Quality controls were prepared Corp., Mountain View, California, USA).
at 10, 100 and 1000 ng/mL.
2.6. Sample preparation and extraction 3. Results and discussion
To precipitate 50 ␮L of mouse, dog and human plasma, 500 ␮L Metformin and the internal standard both showed a good MS of protein precipitation solvent containing internal standard were response when introduced into the mass spectrometer by the LDTD added. Ion suppression in terms of a significant drop in internal source. Various laser power settings were evaluated and ranged standard response was observed at the top end of the calibra- from 25% to 45% in order to achieve the best MS response possi- tion curve using this ten-fold dilution with rat plasma, the ratio ble for metformin. 35% laser power gave the most intense response of the precipitation solvent was thus increased to twelve-fold with no improvement being observed using higher laser power, to compensate for this effect. Precipitated samples were then suggesting that at 35% laser power all of the sample was being mixed for 30 s prior to centrifugation at 3700 g for 20 min. The desorbed from the LazWellTM plate.
supernatant was then directly applied to the LazWell plates (2 ␮L As LDTD is a direct introduction technique all of the analytes are per sample) and evaporated to dryness under a gentle stream of desorbed into the mass spectrometer at the same time. It was thus necessary to be vigilant for any ion suppression effects within eachassay and this was achieved by monitoring the internal standardvariation (typical range 11–21% in these experiments) and calibra- 2.7. Data analysis and method validation tion curve linearity within each analytical run. Ion suppression wasobserved in the analysis of rat plasma samples when the protein All data was processed using QuickQuanTM (Gubbs Inc., precipitation method used a ten-fold ratio (sample:precipitation Alpharetta, Georgia, USA) software. Linear least-squares regression solvent) resulting in variation of the internal standard by 31% with a 1/x weighting of the peak area ratios (analyte/IS) versus throughout the analytical run (n = 84). This was largely due to sup- the nominal concentration of the calibration standards was used pression of the IS signal at the higher metformin calibration levels.
to construct the calibration curves. Eight calibration standards A repeat experiment was performed using a 1:12 dilution with the between 1 and 2000 ng/mL (n = 6 at each level) were prepared in precipitation solvent and this improved internal standard variabil- each species of plasma. Quality controls were spiked at 10, 100 ity (18%). Linearity was comparable across the different dilution and 1000 ng/ml (n = 6 at each level) in each species of plasma and methods, 0.9989 and 0.9985 for the ten-fold and twelve-fold dilu- were interspersed between the calibration standards. One set of tions respectively.
calibration standards from each species was used to construct cal- A response was observed for metformin in extracted plasma ibration curves and quantify the subsequent calibration samples blank samples across the species. representative raw and quality controls. All Calibration standards and quality con- data obtained upon desorption of an extracted rat plasma blank trols were used to calculate intra-assay accuracy and precision at sample compared to desorption of a calibration standard in the each level in each matrix to establish the calibration range for each same matrix at the LLOQ. The response in the calibration standard at the LLOQ was over 3 times that of the blank sample in terms of peakarea and over 3 times greater in terms of signal to noise ratio. The 2.8. Accuracy, precision and specificity peak in the blank sample could be due to several factors includ-ing the inherent nature of the LDTD sample introduction process Intra-assay accuracy was evaluated by comparing the mean to the mass spectrometer, cross contamination during the extrac- measured concentrations of the calibration standards and quality tion procedure or it may be attributed to the low mass region that controls with their nominal concentrations. Intra-assay precision metformin falls into and endogenous background noise.
was calculated based on the coefficient of variation of each set The intra-assay accuracy and precision throughout the analyt- calibration standards and quality controls (n = 6). The assay was ical runs were within acceptable limits for discovery bioanalysis.
deemed acceptable for the analysis of samples in each matrix if the Accuracy and precision for the calibration standards (n = 6) within intra-assay accuracy and precision deviated by ±30%.
the validation experiments was ±20%, ±30%, ±30% and ±30% The specificity of the method was established by assaying 12 for mouse, rat, dog and human plasma, respectively lots of blank control plasma and comparing the response of each The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) were equal to 5, 5, 5, blank relative to the lowest calibration standard.
and 1 ng/mL in mouse, rat, dog and human plasma, respectively.
The intra-assay accuracy and precision of quality controls was 2.9. Method application within ±25% across the species with the exception ofthe 10 ng/mL mouse plasma quality control which had an accu- Two Hans Wistar rats were dosed orally with metformin at a racy of 72.1% and met our acceptance criteria set at ±30%. The dose level of 50 mg/kg in order to support dose setting of a planned bottom standard in mouse, rat and dog plasma showed poor accu- pharmacodynamic study. Plasma samples (50 ␮l) were taken at racy and precision and the metformin response was not considered 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h post administration.
adequate in terms of signal to noise to accept the 1 ng/mL standards For the analysis of rat pharmacokinetic samples, quality con- as the LLOQ.
trols samples (in duplicate) were interspersed throughout the Raw data was reprocessed in the absence of internal standard unknowns. The analytical batch was considered acceptable if the (data not shown). Under these conditions the accuracy of the assay Please cite this article in press as: J.G. Swales, et al., Determination of metformin in mouse, rat, dog and human plasma samples bylaser diode thermal desorption/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. (2010),

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J.G. Swales et al. / Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis xxx (2010) xxx–xxx Fig. 3. LDTD-APCI-MSMS raw data of the product ions of metformin at m/z 130 → 71 in (A) a protein precipitated rat plasma blank and (B) a calibration standard at the LLOQ.
Table 1
Summary of intra-assay accuracy and precision (%) of LDTD-APCI-MS calibration standards.
Cal range (ng/mL) Accuracy range (%) Precision range (%) Table 2
Intra-assay accuracy and precision (%) of LDTD-APCI-MS for quality control samples.
remained within the acceptance criteria across the calibration and to 5 ng/mL using the LDTD method, intra-assay precision is stated quality control range for mouse and rat plasma but failed in dog as being below 8.94% compared to 16.0%, 23.3% and 22.9% at the and human plasma. Precision was greatly affected by the omis- 10, 100 and 1000 ng/mL quality control levels (n = 4) for the LDTD sion of the internal standard, each matrix failed the acceptance method. The data generated by LDTD have been used to assess the criteria indicating high variability when an internal standard is notused.
A typical validation run of 84 desorptions was completed in 50 min by elimination of the chromatography step, an equivalentLC–MS/MS analysis would require around 3.5 h of mass spectrome-ter time based on our in-house chromatography system which hasa 2.5 min cycle time.
Having demonstrated that the method was accurate and pre- cise within the defined acceptance criteria the assay was appliedto a rat plasma pharmacokinetic study. The mean venous plasmaconcentration-time profile of metformin after oral administrationat 50 mg/kg to male Hans Wistar rats are shown in Thepharmacokinetic parameters derived from the analysis are listedin Cmax was 3.9 ± 0.651 ␮g/mL and occurred at 1.3 h.
The oral half-life of metformin was 3.2 ± 0.1 h and the area underthe plasma concentration-time curve was 16.7 ␮g h/mL. The resultsshown in favorably to values reported in the liter-ature a reversed-phase HPLC method and ultraviolet Fig. 4. Mean venous plasma concentration-time profiles of metformin after oral
detection. The literature method had a LLOQ of 50 ng/mL compared administration of the drug at 50 mg/kg to male Hans Wistar rats.
Please cite this article in press as: J.G. Swales, et al., Determination of metformin in mouse, rat, dog and human plasma samples bylaser diode thermal desorption/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. (2010),doi: ARTICLE IN PRESS
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